Infertility is more common than most people realise, and it can affect both men and women equally. When pregnancy doesn’t happen as expected, it often brings emotional stress, self-doubt, and many unanswered questions.
Understanding the common factors that affect fertility is an important first step. It helps you feel more informed, less anxious, and better prepared to seek the right medical support at the right time.
In this blog, we gently explain the main causes of infertility in a simple and supportive way, so you can take confident steps towards your fertility health.
What Is Infertility?
Infertility means having difficulty getting pregnant despite regular, unprotected intercourse:
- After one year of trying if the woman is under 35
- After six months of trying if the woman is 35 or above
Infertility may be temporary or long-term, but the reassuring news is that many fertility issues are treatable, especially when diagnosed early.
Common Factors Affecting Infertility in Women
1. Ovulation Problems
Regular ovulation is essential for pregnancy. Conditions like PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) can interfere with ovulation, making it harder to conceive.
2. Irregular Menstrual Cycles
Cycles that are very long, very short, or unpredictable often signal hormonal imbalances that can affect fertility.
3. Blocked Fallopian Tubes
The fallopian tubes help the egg and sperm meet. If they are blocked or damaged—due to infections, past surgeries, or pelvic infections—fertilisation may not occur.
4. Endometriosis
In endometriosis, tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus. This can affect egg quality, fertilisation, and implantation.
5. Age-Related Fertility Decline
As women age, especially after 35, both the number and quality of eggs naturally decrease, which can make conception more challenging.
6. Thyroid and Hormonal Imbalances
Problems with thyroid hormones or high prolactin levels can disrupt ovulation and lead to irregular periods.
Common Factors Affecting Infertility in Men
1. Low Sperm Count or Poor Sperm Quality
Healthy sperm count, movement, and shape are important for fertilisation. Any abnormality can reduce the chances of pregnancy.
2. Hormonal Imbalances
Hormones such as testosterone play a key role in sperm production. Imbalances can negatively affect fertility.
3. Lifestyle Factors
Smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, lack of physical activity, and high stress levels can all harm sperm health.
4. Medical Conditions
Conditions like infections, diabetes, or varicocele (enlarged veins in the scrotum), as well as certain medications, may affect sperm production.
5. Environmental Exposure
Regular exposure to heat, radiation, chemicals, or pollution can slowly reduce sperm quality over time.
Lifestyle Factors That Affect Fertility in Both Men and Women
Everyday habits play a bigger role in fertility than many people realise. Factors that can affect both partners include:
- Poor nutrition or vitamin deficiencies
- High stress levels and poor sleep
- Smoking and alcohol use
- Excessive caffeine intake
- A sedentary lifestyle
The good news is that small, consistent lifestyle changes can significantly improve fertility outcomes for many couples.
Why Both Partners Should Be Evaluated
Infertility is not just a women’s issue. In nearly 40–50% of cases, male factors are involved either alone or along with female factors. Evaluating both partners together helps doctors:
- Identify the exact cause more quickly
- Avoid unnecessary delays
- Plan the most effective treatment
When Should You See a Doctor?
You should consider consulting a gynecologist or fertility specialist if:
- You’ve been trying to conceive for over a year
- You are over 35 and have been trying for six months
- You have irregular periods or known medical conditions
- You’ve experienced previous miscarriages
- You want guidance before planning a pregnancy
Early consultation often leads to simpler treatments and better success rates.
Treatment Options for Infertility
Depending on the cause, infertility treatment may include:
- Lifestyle and dietary changes
- Hormonal therapy
- Ovulation-inducing medications
- IUI, IVF, or ICSI
- Emotional counselling and support
Your doctor will design a personalised treatment plan that suits your medical needs and emotional comfort.
Conclusion
Facing infertility can feel overwhelming and isolating, but remember — you are not alone. Understanding the factors involved brings clarity, hope, and direction. With early diagnosis, healthy lifestyle changes, and the right medical support, many couples go on to achieve a successful pregnancy.
If you’re struggling to conceive, taking the first step and speaking to a fertility expert can truly make all the difference.
FAQs
1. Can infertility affect both men and women?
Yes, infertility affects both partners, which is why evaluation of both is important.
2. Is infertility always permanent?
No. Many fertility issues are temporary and can be treated successfully.
3. Does stress really affect fertility?
Yes. Ongoing stress can disturb hormonal balance and affect fertility.
4. At what age does fertility decline?
Female fertility gradually declines after 30 and more noticeably after 35.
5. Can lifestyle changes improve fertility?
Absolutely. Healthy eating, regular exercise, and stress management can improve fertility naturally.